One study did not find a statistical difference in the number of women or men "marrying-up" in a sample of 1,109 first-time married couples in the United States. while men express a desire for an analogue of hypergamy based on physical attractiveness they desire a mate who ranks higher on the physical attractiveness scale than they themselves do." : 51 Despite this skewed sex ratio, they found that "On education and socioeconomic status, women on average express greater hypergamic selectivity they prefer mates who are superior to them in these traits. Īn empirical study examined the mate preferences of subscribers to a computer dating service in Israel that had a highly skewed sex ratio (646 men for 1,000 women). However, this reduction may be compensated by greater levels of parental investment by her genetically lower quality husband. Marriage reduces the overall genetic quality of her offspring by precluding the possibility of impregnation by a genetically higher quality male, albeit without his parental investment. Gilles Saint-Paul (2008) argued that, based on mathematical models, human female hypergamy occurs because women have greater lost mating opportunity costs from monogamous mating (given their slower reproductive rate and limited window of fertility comapred to men), and thus must be compensated for this cost of marriage. Across studies, 3 out of 4 women rated socioeconomic status as more important in a prospective marriage partner than did the average man. Meta-analysis of research published from 1965 to 1986 revealed the same sex difference (Feingold, 1992). In 29 samples, the "ambition and industriousness" of a prospective mate were more important for women than for men. Women rated "good financial prospect" higher than men did in all cultures. The most extensive of these studies included 10,000 people in 37 cultures across six continents and five islands. Research conducted throughout the world strongly supports the position that women prefer marriage with partners who are culturally successful or have high potential to become culturally successful. Ī study done by the University of Minnesota in 2017 found that females generally prefer dominant males as mates. One study found that women are more selective in their choice of marriage partners than are men. The term hypergyny is used to describe the overall practice of women marrying up, since the men would be marrying down. Both terms were invented in the Indian subcontinent in the 19th century while translating classical Hindu law books, which used the Sanskrit terms anuloma and pratiloma, respectively, for the two concepts. The antonym " hypogamy" refers to the inverse: marrying a person of lower social class or status (colloquially " marrying down"). Hypergamy (colloquially referred to as " dating up" or " marrying up" ) is a term used in social science for the act or practice of a person dating or marrying a spouse of higher social status or sexual capital than themselves. Esther is crowned in this 1860 woodcut by Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld.
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